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德黑兰的转身:伊拉克风云(上)
纽约时报
TheMilitias’LongArm
无所不在的民兵
Fordecades,Iransmuggledgunsandbomb-makingsuppliesthroughthevastswampsofsouthernIraq.Andyoungmenwerebroughtbackandforthacrosstheborder,fromonesafehousetoanother—recruitsgoingtoIranfortraining,andthenbacktoIraqtofight.AtfirsttheenemywasMr.Hussein;later,itwastheAmericans.
数十年来,伊朗通过伊拉克南部大片沼泽地走私枪支和制造炸弹的材料。年轻人穿梭于边境之间,他们在伊朗接受训练,然后被送回伊拉克参战。一开始的敌人是萨达姆·侯赛因,后来是美国人。
Today,agentsofIran’sRevolutionaryGuardsopenlyrecruitfightersintheShiite-majoritycitiesofsouthernIraq.BusesfilledwithrecruitseasilypassborderpoststhatofficialssayareessentiallycontrolledbyIran—throughitsproxiesontheIraqiside,anditsownborderguardsontheother.WhileIranhasbuiltupmilitiastofightagainsttheIslamicStateinIraq,ithasalsomobilizedanarmyofdisaffectedyoungShiiteIraqimentofightonitsbehalfinSyria.
如今,伊朗革命卫队的特工在伊拉克南部什叶派占多数的城市公开征募战士。载满新兵的大巴轻松通过边境哨卡,官员说这里实际上完全由伊朗掌控,通过伊拉克的代理人和伊朗安插在那里的边卫实现。伊朗建立民兵对抗在伊拉克“伊斯兰国”好战分子的同时,也动员了一批叛逆的伊拉克什叶派年轻人组成军队,在叙利亚代表伊朗打仗。
MohammadKadhim,31,isoneofthosefootsoldiersforIran,havingservedthreetoursinSyria.Therecruitingpitch,hesaid,ismostlybasedinfaith,todefendShiiteshrinesinSyria.ButMr.Kadhimsaidheandhisfriendssignedupmoreoutofaneedforjobs.“Iwasjustlookingformoney,”hesaid.“ThemajorityoftheyouthImetfightinginSyriadoitforthemoney.”
31岁的穆罕默德·卡迪穆是给伊朗作战的一名步兵,在叙利亚参与了三次战斗。他说,招募宣传大多基于信仰,宣扬为保护什叶派在叙利亚的圣地而战。但他和朋友都出于求职的需求才报了名。“我只是想赚钱,”他说,“我遇到大多数在叙利亚战斗的年轻人都是为了钱。”
HesignedupwithaRevolutionaryGuardsrecruiterinNajaf,andthenwasbusedthroughsouthernIraqandintoIran,whereheunderwentmilitarytrainingnearTehran.There,hesaid,IranianofficersdeliveredspeechesinvokingthemartyrdomofImamHussein,thereveredseventh-centuryShiitefigurewhosedeathatthehandsofapowerfulSunniarmybecametheeventaroundwhichShiitespiritualitywouldrevolve.ThesameenemiesoftheShiiteswhokilledtheimamarenowinSyriaandIraq,theofficerstoldthemen.
他在纳杰夫报名参加了革命卫队,然后乘大巴从南伊拉克到伊朗德黑兰附近进行军事训练。他说,在那里,伊朗军官在致辞中援引伊玛目胡赛因的殉道事迹,这位令人崇敬的7世纪什叶派人物死于强大的逊尼派军队之手,其殉难成为什叶派精神所在。军官还告诉他们,杀死伊玛目的那个敌人现在就在叙利亚和伊拉克。
AftertravelingtoIran,Mr.KadhimcamehomeforabreakandthenwasshippedtoSyria,whereHezbollahoperativestrainedhiminsnipertactics.
去伊朗后,卡迪姆回家休息了一段时间就被运往叙利亚,在那里真主党教官教他狙击的技巧。
Iran’semphasisondefendingtheShiitefaithhasledsomeheretoconcludethatitsultimategoalistobringaboutanIranian-styletheocracyinIraq.ButthereisapersistentsensethatitjustwouldnotworkinIraq,whichhasamuchlargernativeSunnipopulationandtradition,andIraq’sclericsinNajaf,includingGrandAyatollahAlial-Sistani,theworld’spre-eminentShiitespiritualleader,opposetheIraniansystem.
伊朗强调为保卫什叶派信仰而战,这里的人得出结论,其最终目标是在伊拉克建立和伊朗一样的神权政体。但很多人坚持这套在伊拉克行不通,因为伊拉克的逊尼人口和传统更多,伊拉克在纳杰夫的神职人员,包括著名的什叶派精神领袖大阿亚图拉阿里·西斯塔尼也反对推行伊朗体制。
ButIranistakingstepstotranslatemilitiapowerintopoliticalpower,muchasitdidwithHezbollahinLebanon,andmilitialeadershavebegunpoliticalorganizingbeforenextyear’sparliamentaryelections.
然而伊朗正逐步把民兵转化为政治力量,效仿曾经对黎巴嫩真主党的所做所为。民兵领导也开始组织动员,准备明年的议会选举。
InApril,Qaisal-Khazali,aShiitemilitialeader,deliveredaspeechtoanaudienceofIraqicollegestudents,railingagainsttheUnitedStatesandthenefariousplottingofTurkeyandSaudiArabia.Then,apoetwhowaspartofMr.Khazali’sentouragestoodupandbeganpraisingGeneralSuleimani.
四月,什叶派民兵组织领袖卡伊司·卡扎利给伊拉克大学生演讲,痛斥美国并指责土耳其、沙特的恶毒阴谋。然后,同卡扎利随行的一位诗人站起来,开始歌颂苏莱曼尼将军。
Forthestudents,thatwasthelaststraw.Chantsof“Iranout!Iranout!”began.ScufflesbrokeoutbetweenstudentsandMr.Khazali’sbodyguards,whofiredtheirriflesintotheairjustoutsidethebuilding.“Thethingthatreallyprovokeduswasthepoet,”saidMustafaKamal,astudentattheUniversityofal-QadisiyainDiwaniya,insouthernIraq,whoparticipatedintheprotest.
对学生们而言,那是忍耐的极限。他们开始大喊,“伊朗滚出去!伊朗滚出去!”学生和卡扎利的保镖们扭打一团,保镖们在楼外向空中开枪。“真正惹怒我们的是那个诗人,”穆斯塔法·卡玛尔说。卡玛尔是迪瓦尼耶市卡迪斯亚大学的学生,也参与了抗议。
Mr.KamalandhisfellowstudentsquicklylearnedhowdangerousitcouldbetostanduptoIranthesedays.First,militiamenbeganthreateningtohaulthemoff.Thenmediaoutletslinkedtothemilitiaswentafterthem,postingtheirpicturesandcallingthemBaathistsandenemiesofShiites.WhenamysteriouscarappearednearMr.Kamal’shouse,hismotherpanickedthatmilitiamenwere小孩白癜风能治好吗北京白癜风专科医院怎么走
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